Global Privacy… Are You Being Watched Essay - 2328 Words

Global Privacy†¦ Are You Being Watched Introduction Privacy has grown to become an intensely complex and important human rights topic in the information age. The right to privacy underlines human dignity. One of the first privacy laws can be traced back hundreds of years, to 1361, when England enacted the Justice of the Peace Act, which allowed the arrest of eavesdroppers and peeping toms.1 About every country in the world explicitly recognizes a right of privacy in their constitution, allowing people to have a right to home communication secrecy and inviolability at the very least. Although the right to privacy is not explicitly documented in the United States’, Ireland’s or India’s Constitution, it†¦show more content†¦CAPS II is different than a new system that is in proposal. Fortunately, it seems that CAPPS II intrudes on personal privacy to a very nominal degree. It checks for relatively non-personal data, such as: if the passenger bought a one-way ticket or if the passenger paid by cash instead of credit card. The Transportation Security Administration, however, states that the system is outdated and easily deceived. They are currently proposing improvements to the system, which will check the passenger’s name and information against a database of private data mining companies that collect very personal inform ation from people for commercial reasons.2 If successful, various countries in Europe and Asia are likely to adopt a form of the new system. Almost any personal record, including shopping habits, credit card information, library book checkouts, and Internet page visits can be observed by the TSA’s proposed system. Practical and Ethical Issues of the New System A 747 carries almost four hundred people. If two percent of the people who are screened are not allowed to board their flights, eight people on every flight will have their tickets taken away. It’s simply ludicrous that the TSA believes that eight out of every four hundred people are likely to commit acts of violence a commercial airplaneShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Security Versus Privacy Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesthis, the public discovered that even if you re not doing anything wrong you re being watched and recorded. The presence of a watchful government wasn’t anything new but the means of surveillance was never fully disclosed by anyone. The biggest question raised by the public was â€Å"does our right to privacy still matter?†. The NSA claims to be doing this in order to protect the rights of citizens, not dissipate them. The debate of security versus privacy† has evolved into a choice between libertyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1122 Words   |  5 PagesPrivacy is an important issue, especially in the United States where the NSA looms over the internet, tracking your every move. Privacy is what allows you to maintain your own individualism, what makes you a person and especially your freedom. A growing debate concerning Orwell’s 1984 relevancy is quickly on the rise. Orwell’s fear of a totalitarian society led him to write this book as he lived during the totalitarian movement in Russia. The fear of a totalitarian society spreading sparked his fearRead MoreBeing Watched: Ethical Issues on Privacy in Life6627 Words   |  27 PagesTEP1281: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Being Watched: Ethical Issues on Privacy in Life TC203 Abzal Kalimbetov Aashini Shah Azmil Hakim Pramata Tausik Nur Dayana Ayuni Bt. Nur Rashidi Mohd Zuhaili Bin Mohd Suhaini 1092700423 1091103635 1101110738 1071118536 1101109183 1091105283 [This study investigates the ethical issues on privacy in life among students and lecturers at Multimedia University (MMU).] Being Watched: Ethical Issues on Privacy in Life TEP1281: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCTRead MoreWhat s Your Privacy Worth You?812 Words   |  4 Pages What’s Your Privacy Worth to You? Maeson Hayes Mrs. Marlow English 2A 12/17/16 Recent scandals involving the NSA and reports about the government’s use of surveillance technology have called the current ethics of maintaining public security into question. These events have caused us to ask what our privacy is worth in an age of global terrorism. Orwell’s warning that totalitarian regimes’ reliance on surveillance and the invasion of privacy to restrict individual freedom and endanger citizensRead MoreThe Digital Panopticon: Foucault and Internet Privacy Essay example1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Digital Panopticon: Foucault and Internet Privacy In 1977, Michel Foucault wrote in Discipline and Punish about the disciplinary mechanisms of constant and invisible surveillance in part through an analysis of Jeremy Benthams panopticon. The panopticon was envisioned as a circular prison, in the centre of which resided a guard tower. Along the circumference, individuals resided in cells that were visible to the guard tower but invisible to each other. Importantly, this guard tower was backlitRead More Privacy - Its Time to Control the Use of Electronic Surveillance1484 Words   |  6 PagesControl the Use of Electronic Surveillance      Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if every move you make, every word you say, every number you dial on the telephone, could easily be accessed or monitored by just about anyone in the world? Well, chances are that you and me and many others are currently, or have been, victims of this infringement on privacy. With todays ever growing technology, there is little one can do to ensure privacy in normal, every day life. Even though many benefits have comeRead MoreMedia And Government Surveillance And Privacy Issues1271 Words   |  6 Pagesor everything, that you see. This opens fascinating possibilities – and alarming ones†. – The Economist, Nov. 16, 2013. Media and government surveillance and privacy issues With everybody having a smartphone, access to Internet everywhere and frequently using other technologies to communication, there is easier to record anything and everything you see and share it. In some ways this is a positive thing, but it could also have severe consequences in a bad way. Wherever you go there are securityRead MoreThe Importance Of Spy On Computers1445 Words   |  6 Pages Preliminary with last two alternately three decades, it’s been watched that in terrorist assault and other social impacts own nationals would include. Not best that as well as a few exercises which make political and socially impedance watched and in this movement citizens are included specifically or alternately. So, due to this government take a step ahead, spy their nationals covertly and throughout those operations it’s discovered that a few of the resident would includeRead MoreSupply Chain : An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle1054 Words   |  5 Pagessupply chain will incur is transportation. Every company must use some sort of transportation to move items from warehouses to stores to the customer. To help you understand you must first know what a supply chain is. A supply chain is a network between a company and the suppliers to produce and distribute a product. A supply chain is the steps you use to get your product or service to the customer. The steps required to get your product to the customer involves transportation. Technology is transformingRead MoreMass Surveillance and the Panopticon Analysis Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesmass surveillance. Originally derived from the measures to control â€Å"abnormal beings† against the spreading of a plague, the Panopticon is an architecture designed to induce power with a permanent sense of visibility. With a tower in the center, surrounded by cells, the prisoners can be monitored and watched at any given time from the central tower. The goal of this architectural plan was to strip away any privacy and therefore create fear induced self-regulation amongst the prisoners, with an

The Soviet Union During The Cold War - 999 Words

The emergence of the Cold War with the Soviet Union had far reaching impacts on American society, including hindering the pace of social reform in the United States. While some aspects of the Cold War may have helped promote certain social reforms, the net impact, deterred inevitable social reforms. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War induced a fear of communism in Americans that had numerous effects on American policies. McCarthyism, a period of controversial accusations on supposedly â€Å"communist† Americans, developed from the panic that communism would overcome the United States’ government, leading to loss of individual freedoms. In addition, social reform, especially the Civil Rights Movement, received inadequate attention as American leaders fixated on defeating communism and preventing it from contaminating the United States. Therefore, the United States’ preoccupation with containing communism throughout the Cold War Era hindered social reform domestically. As a result, social reform successes were limited primarily to those exhibiting visible political value by demonstrating the United States’ belief in equality and democracy to the rest of the world. Amidst the Cold War, the Soviet Union sought to propagate their authoritarian beliefs to democratic countries, frightening Americans who believed communist spies would infiltrate the U.S. government. This fear compelled various actions that would later be dubbed â€Å"McCarthyism†, aShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1677 Words   |  7 PagesAfter World War II, the world was in a state of heightened suspicion that was lead by ideological differences. There were two main â€Å"superpowers† that shaped perceptions of the rest of the world. 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The arithmetic checks Free Essays

The arithmetic checks must be done for all leveling calculations When establishing the heights of new Tabs and other important points, only BBS and FSP should be taken and the rise and fall method should be used. The HIP method of calculation can be much quicker when a lot of intermediate sights have been taken and it is a good method to use when mapping or setting out where many readings are often taken room a single instrument position. A disadvantage of the HIP method is that the check on reduced levels calculated from IS can be lengthy and there is a tendency for it to be omitted. We will write a custom essay sample on The arithmetic checks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Precision of leveling As with all techniques used in engineering surveying it is important to estimate how accuracy of the measurements taken. An assessment of the quality of leveling can be made by calculating the enclosure for a line of levels. This is determined by comparing the reduced level of the closing bench mark with the level obtained for it by calculation from the staff readings. On construction sites ND other engineering projects, leveling is usually carried out over short distances and it can involve a lot of instrument positions. The allowable enclosure for a line of levels is given by: Allowable enclosure = ? ± m n Where, m is a constant and n is the number of instrument positions used. The value most often used for m is mm When the enclosure obtained from staff readings is compared to the allowable enclosure, if miniscule is greater than the allowable value the leveling is rejected and must be repeated. If the enclosure is less than the allowable value the leveling s accepted and the leveling is adjusted. The value of m depends on the site conditions. For example if the levels found are to be used for earth work excavations m might be mom. For setting out steel and concrete structures excavations m might be mm. In some cases m is specified in the contract documents. Specifications for leveling are also given in: BOSSES: building setting out and measurement ICE Design and Practice Guide: The management of setting out in construction BOSSES: Guide to accuracy in building Sources of error in leveling There are three main groups of errors that can occur when leveling. The most common errors fall into one of the following groups: 1. Errors in the equipment 2. Field or on-site errors 3. The effects of curvature and refraction on leveling Errors in the equipment Collimation error This can be a serious error in leveling if the sight lengths from one instrument position are not types of leveling all types of leveling, sight lengths should be kept equal, particularly back sights and fore sights and before using any level it is advisable to carry out a two-peg test to ensure the collimation error is within acceptable limits. Compensator not working For an automatic or digital level, the compensator is hacked by moving a foot screw slightly off level, by tapping the telescope gently or by pushing the compensator check lever to ensure that a reading remains constant. If any of the checks fail then the compensator is not working properly and needs to be repaired. Parallax This effect must be eliminated before staff readings are taken. Defects of the staff The base of the staff should be checked to see if it has become worn – if this is the case then the staff has a zero error. This does not affect height differences if the same staff is used for all the leveling, but introduces errors if two tiffs are being used for the same series of levels. When using multi-section staff, it is important to ensure that it is properly extended by examining the graduations on the other side of each section as it is extended. If any of the sections become loose the staff should be returned for repair. Tripod defects The stability of tripods should be checked before any fieldwork commences by testing to see if the tripod head is secure and that the base of each leg are secure. Field or on-site errors Staff not vertical As the staff is used to measure a vertical difference between the ground and the plane of collimation, failure to hold he staff vertical will give an incorrect readings. Since the staff is held vertical with the aid of a vertical bubble, this should be checked at frequent intervals and adjusted if necessary. Unstable ground When the instrument is set up on soft ground and bituminous surfaces on hot days, an effect that is often overlooked is that the tripod legs may sink into the ground or rise slightly when the reading is being taken. This then will alter the height of collimation and it is advisable to choose firm ground on which to set up the level and the tripod, and to ensure that the tripod is pushed ell into the ground. Handling the instrument and tripod As well as the vertical displacement, the plane of collimation of a level may be altered for any set-up if the tripod is held or leant against. When leveling, avoid contact with the tripod and only use the level by light contact. Instrument not level For automatic and digital levels this source of error is unusual, but for a tilting level in which the tilting screw has to be adjusted for each reading, this is a common mistake. The best procedure here is to ensure that the main bubble is centralized before and after the reading is taken. Reading and cooking errors Many mistakes can be made during the booking of staff readings taken with an automatic or tilting level, and the general rule is that staff readings must be carefully entered into the leveling table or field book immediately after reading. Weather conditions In strong winds, a level can become unusable because the line of sight is always moving and it is also difficult to hold the staff steady. For these reasons, it is not possible to take reliable readings under these conditions which should be avoided when leveling. And other hard surfaces to ensure that the base of the staff remains at the same eight in between a back sight and fore sight. When the tripod is set up in soft ground or on tarmac on hot days it may sink into the ground or rise slightly when readings are taken. This alters the height of collimation and causes errors. Try to set the level up on firm ground and always push the tripod legs well into the ground. The height of collimation may be altered if the tripod is held or pressed down Do not lean on the level, If the tripod is knocked it is necessary to re-level the instrument and repeat all the readings taken from that instrument position. Marking or recording the session of each change point on a long line of levels is advisable. If this is not done and the tripod is knocked all of the leveling will have to be repeated. Curvature and refraction Over long distances level and horizontal lines through an instrument will diverge because level lines follow the curvature of the Earth. This is a possible source of error in leveling since all readings are taken along horizontal lines instead of level lines. The difference between a horizontal and level line is know as curvature and is given by c = 0. 0785 DO Where, c = curvature in meters, D = sighting distance in km The correction for length of sight of mom is less than 1 mm. This correction is ignored for most leveling. The effect of refraction of the line of sight is to bend it towards the Earth. This is also ignored in most leveling. Whatever sight lengths are used, the effects of curvature and refraction will cancel if the sight lengths are equal. How to Reduce the Chance of Errors Occurring Leveling should always start and finish at bench marks so that enclosures can be detected. When only one bench mark is available, leveling lines must be run in loops starting and finishing at the name bench mark Where possible, all sights lengths should be below 50 m. The staff must be held vertically by suitable use of a circular bubble or by rocking the staff and noting the minimum reading. BBS and FSP lengths should be kept equal for each instrument position. For engineering applications, many intermediate sights may be taken from each set- up – under these circumstances it is important that the level has no more than a small collimation error. For automatic and tilting levels, staff readings should be booked immediately after they are observed. Use a digital level where possible as it sakes staff readings automatically The rise and fall method of reduction should be used when weighting reference or control points and the HIP method should be used when setting out. Other leveling methods Inverted leveling This is a leveling technique that is used to obtain the heights of points above the line of sight such as ceilings and undersides of bridges. To obtain these, the staff is held upside down in an inverted position with its base on the elevated points. An inverted staff reading is booked in a level table procedure is followed taking into account the minus sign. Never use an inverted staff eating as a change point because it is difficult to keep the staff in the same place for more than one reading. Exam Question: Supplement 2006 SQ A client has asked for an as-constructed drawing of a recently built industrial building. As part of the survey the following series of levels are taken. Prepare a report for the client showing the reduced levels of the manhole inverts and the calculated gradients on the sewer lines, and the soft levels on the building gutters. Example 2 Lets repeat the reduced levels part of the previous exam question assuming we were asked to use the rise and fall method instead How to cite The arithmetic checks, Papers